BIOLOGY CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

                                                                    BIOLOGY
                               
                                               CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS   

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

Details:

• What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life;

Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy;

Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos,

Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista

and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes,

Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and

distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiospermsclassification

up to class, characteristic features and examples).

• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and

chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two

examples).

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Details:

• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts

of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose,

flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the

Practical Syllabus).

• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems

(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect

(cockroach). (Brief account only).

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

Details:

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell

wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic

reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids,

micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and

function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of

proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme

action.

• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

Details:-

• Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell

transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations

– Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of

water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and

guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and

translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow

hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).

• Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role;

Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a

method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle,

biological nitrogen fixation.

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of

photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary

idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non

cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3

and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation

(anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-

Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory

quotient.

• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and

plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and

redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth

regulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy;

Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

UNIT V: Human Physiology

Details:-

• Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive

enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and

assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins,

carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM,

indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory

system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of

gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders

related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of

blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of

human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double

circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-

Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,

ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine

formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial

Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion;

Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial

kidney.

• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular;

Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its

functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints;

Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular

dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humanscentral

nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system;

Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary

structure and function of eye and ear.

• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human

endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal,

Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones

as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common

disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes,

Addison’s disease).

(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)